2024 Certificate verify failed self signed certificate in certificate chain

To trust only the exact certificate being used by the server, download it and instead of setting verify=False, set verify="/path/to/cert.pem", where cert.pem is the server certificate. the error even says "self signed certificate", so most likely your assumption is correct.. Now gg imvu

We reran the security scan and it detected this error: The X.509 certificate chain for this service is not signed by a recognized certificate authority. If the remote host is a public host in production, this nullifies the use of SSL as anyone could establish a man-in-the-middle attack against the remote host.This can occur if the certificate is self-signed, or if it is signed by an untrusted certificate authority. Solution. Configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally: You can configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally by adding an 'http.sslCAInfo' setting to your Git configuration file. Here's an example of how to ...3. From your code: cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=None. From the documentation of wrap_socket: If the value of this parameter is not CERT_NONE, then the ca_certs parameter must point to a file of CA certificates. Essentially you are asking in your code to validate the certificate from the server ( CERT_REQUIRED) but specify at the same ...Add a comment. 8. Running just the below two commands, fixed the issue for me. "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Azure\CLI2\python" -m pip install --upgrade pip "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Azure\CLI2\Scripts\pip" install python-certifi-win32. In my case the issue was seen due to invoking a Azure CLI command behind a company ...Jun 17, 2021 at 18:05. 1. First step is to be able download anythink using apk. Second step (the step you are asking) is to download ca-certificates tool and then add CA standard way with calling update-ca-certificates. First step is more or less hack.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1045) I believe there is another library in use, that doesn't rely on certifi? But I don't have any idea on where and how to add my root certificate, so all iPython requests will work. Any ideas are appreciated.8. You can do turn the verification off by adding below method: def on_start (self): """ on_start is called when a Locust start before any task is scheduled """ self.client.verify = False. Share.To trust only the exact certificate being used by the server, download it and instead of setting verify=False, set verify="/path/to/cert.pem", where cert.pem is the server certificate. the error even says "self signed certificate", so most likely your assumption is correct.Typically the certificate chain consists of 3 parties. A root certificate authority; One or more intermediate certificate authority; The server certificate, which is asking for the certificate to be signed. The delegation of responsibility is: Root CA signs → intermediate CA. Intermediate CA signs → server certificateIf your MongoDB deployment uses SSL, you must also specify the --host option. mongo verifies that the hostname of the mongod or mongos to which you are connecting matches the CN or SAN of the mongod or mongos‘s --sslPEMKeyFile certificate. If the hostname does not match the CN/SAN, mongo will fail to connect.The issue with a self-signed cert is you must trust it, even if it's the a not the correct/safe approach. The correct/safe method is to avoid using a self-signed cert and use one issued by a trusted authority. A slightly less bad idea than that might be to import the self-signed cert into Python's list of trusted certificates, wherever that is.By default, Puppet's CA creates and uses a self-signed certificate. In that case, there is a self-signed certificate in the certificate chain of every cert it signs. This is not normally a problem, and I'm not sure offhand why it is causing an issue for you.openssl s_client -showcerts -servername security.stackexchange.com -connect security.stackexchange.com:443 CONNECTED (00000004) depth=2 O = Digital Signature Trust Co., CN = DST Root CA X3 verify return:1 depth=1 C = US, O = Let's Encrypt, CN = Let's Encrypt Authority X3 verify return:1 depth=0 CN = *.stackexchange.com verify return:1 ---Node.js dependency installation giving "self signed certificate in certificate chain" 0 Installing custom SSL certificate in Node (UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE)To make requests not complain about valid certificate, the certificate supplied to verify= must contain any intermediate certificates. To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots): To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots):Nov 19, 2020 · To trust only the exact certificate being used by the server, download it and instead of setting verify=False, set verify="/path/to/cert.pem", where cert.pem is the server certificate. the error even says "self signed certificate", so most likely your assumption is correct. We're using a self-signed certificate, hence [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1129). Does poetry not have a way around that?Git - "SSL certificate issue: self signed certificate in certificate chain" 1 How to fix 'GitHub.Services.OAuth.VssOAuthTokenRequestException' on a self-hosted runner for GitHub ActionsAug 17, 2018 · 2 I'm trying to use a service that uses a self-signed cert. Download the cert: # printf QUIT | openssl s_client -connect my-server.net:443 -showcerts 2>/dev/null > my-server.net.crt Check that it's self signed (issuer and subject are the same): Here's how to trust the untrusted certificates in the chain for the az cli. This is assuming you want to trust the certificate chain. Mine was broken because of a corporate self-signed certificate. Use the command to list the certificates in the chain. openssl s_client -connect domainYouWantToConnect.com:443 -showcertsIn our case the issue was related to SSL certificates signed by own CA Root & Intermediate certificates. The solution was - after finding out the location of the certifi's cacert.pem file (import certifi; certifi.where()) - was to append the own CA Root & Intermediates to the cacert.pem file.In this case, it looks like the root certificates database on your system got screwed up. On Ubuntu (and maybe other distributions), running this command reloads the root certificates on the system, which fixes the problem: update-ca-certificatesHere's how to trust the untrusted certificates in the chain for the az cli. This is assuming you want to trust the certificate chain. Mine was broken because of a corporate self-signed certificate. Use the command to list the certificates in the chain. openssl s_client -connect domainYouWantToConnect.com:443 -showcertsTurned out we had a self signed certificated created on the server which should be deleted, since it wasn't signed properly. – Mads Sander Høgstrup Jun 30, 2022 at 9:19The certificate will have "BEGIN CERTIFICATE" and "END CERTIFICATE" markers. To trust the certificate, copy the full certificate, including the BEGIN and END markers, and append it to your ca-bundle for rsconnect on your RStudio Workbench host. Locate the cacert.pem file in the rsconnect library folder on your RStudio Workbench host. For example:SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed Following these questions: SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed; OmniAuth & Facebook: certificate verify failed; Seems the solution is either to fix ca_path or to set VERIFY_NONE for SSL.Mar 27, 2020 · 13 I found my way to this post while Googling. In my case, the error message I received was: SSL validation failed for https://ec2.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/ [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1091) This can occur if the certificate is self-signed, or if it is signed by an untrusted certificate authority. Solution. Configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally: You can configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally by adding an 'http.sslCAInfo' setting to your Git configuration file. Here's an example of how to ...well, if it a self signed one, it won't work. Dart does not allow self signed certificates. One solution (a bad one imho) is to allow certificates, even invalid ones, but it removes the core principle of using certificates. –Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate (_ssl.c:1129)')) Ask Question Asked 10 months agoThe docs are actually incorrect, you have to set SSL to verify_none because TLS happens automatically. From Heroku support: "Our data infrastructure uses self-signed certificates so certificates can be cycled regularly... you need to set the verify_mode configuration variable to OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE"Because this certificate is not from a "trusted" source, most software will complain that the connection is not secure. So you need to disable SSL verification on Git to clone the repository and immediately enable it again, otherwise Git will not verify certificate signatures for any other repository. Disable SSL verification on Git globally:The difference between the above post and our case is that our request still works when verify=False, so the problem is not on the server's side, but on our side. And so, we try the above answer And so, we try the above answerTeams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Teams1 Answer. I doubt whether it's a ssl cert. problem. Try running. [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:581) Then it's a ssl cert problem. Otherwise try these steps -. Delete the .terraform directory Place the access_key and secret_key under the backend block. like below given code. Run terraform init backend "s3 ..."ConnectError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1129)" I am using the following code: `from googletrans import Translator, constants from pprint import pprint trans=Translator() translation=trans.translate(column_list,dest='en')` Here is the detailed error:8. You can do turn the verification off by adding below method: def on_start (self): """ on_start is called when a Locust start before any task is scheduled """ self.client.verify = False. Share.Aug 17, 2018 · 2 I'm trying to use a service that uses a self-signed cert. Download the cert: # printf QUIT | openssl s_client -connect my-server.net:443 -showcerts 2>/dev/null > my-server.net.crt Check that it's self signed (issuer and subject are the same): To make requests not complain about valid certificate, the certificate supplied to verify= must contain any intermediate certificates. To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots): To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots):Typically the certificate chain consists of 3 parties. A root certificate authority; One or more intermediate certificate authority; The server certificate, which is asking for the certificate to be signed. The delegation of responsibility is: Root CA signs → intermediate CA. Intermediate CA signs → server certificateScenario 1 - Git Clone - Unable to clone remote repository: SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate in certificate chain. Scenario 2 - Vagrant Up - SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate in certificate chain. Scenario 3 - Node.js - npm ERR!Here's how to trust the untrusted certificates in the chain for the az cli. This is assuming you want to trust the certificate chain. Mine was broken because of a corporate self-signed certificate. Use the command to list the certificates in the chain. openssl s_client -connect domainYouWantToConnect.com:443 -showcertsInstalling extensions... self signed certificate in certificate chain Failed Installing Extensions: ryu1kn.partial-diff Following the advice in a discussion on GitHub, I installed the win-ca extension first: PS C:\> code-insiders.cmd --install-extension ukoloff.win-ca Installing extensions... Installing extension 'ukoloff.win-ca' v3.1.0...Click on the lock next to the url. Navigate to where you can see the certificates and open the certificates. Download the PEM CERT chain. Put the .PEM file somewhere you script can access it and try verify=r"path\to\pem_chain.pem" within your requests call. r = requests.get (url, verify='\path\to\public_key.pem') Share.I faced the same problem on Mac OS X and with Miniconda.After trying many of the proposed solutions for hours I found that I needed to correctly set Conda's environment – specifically requests' environment variable – to use the Root certificate that my company provided rather than the generic ones that Conda provides.Downloaded the root SSL certificate of my organization from an HTTPS website, saved it as a .crt file in the following path: "C:\Users\youruser.certificates\certificate.crt", and then used the "conda --set ssl_verify True" and "conda config --set ssl_verify .crt" commands.1 git config --global http.sslVerify false Resolution - Configure Git to trust self signed certificate To make more accurate fix to the problem "SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate in certificate chain" we need to - Get the self signed certificate Put/save it into - **~/git-certs/cert.pem**openssl s_client -showcerts -servername security.stackexchange.com -connect security.stackexchange.com:443 CONNECTED (00000004) depth=2 O = Digital Signature Trust Co., CN = DST Root CA X3 verify return:1 depth=1 C = US, O = Let's Encrypt, CN = Let's Encrypt Authority X3 verify return:1 depth=0 CN = *.stackexchange.com verify return:1 ---Setting TrustServerCertificate to 1 or True will accept SQL Server's self-signed certificate. Please Edit your question to show your exact changes if you cannot get it to work. – AlwaysLearningInstalling extensions... self signed certificate in certificate chain Failed Installing Extensions: ryu1kn.partial-diff Following the advice in a discussion on GitHub, I installed the win-ca extension first: PS C:\> code-insiders.cmd --install-extension ukoloff.win-ca Installing extensions... Installing extension 'ukoloff.win-ca' v3.1.0...We are moving a live site to a new server. I am following the instructions from Certbot - Ubuntufocal Apache. Currently the domain is pointing to the old server ip; I am using a host file entry for now. While a short amount of down time is acceptable, since the process is effectively failing at the first step I really want to get this resolved before we do the move. It is required that we have ...To make requests not complain about valid certificate, the certificate supplied to verify= must contain any intermediate certificates. To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots): To download full chain, you can use Firefox (screenshots):You can define context for each request and pass the context on each request for use it like below: import certifi import ssl import urllib context = ssl.create_default_context (cafile=certifi.where ()) result = urllib.request.urlopen ('https://www.example.com', context=context) OR Set certificate file in environment.As suggested by @TrevorBrooks, here are the few workarounds to resolve the above issue As you are using Corporate proxy : Azure CLI must pass an authentication payload over the HTTPS request due to the authentication design of Azure Service, which will be blocked at authentication time at your corporate proxy.One simple approach to reduce such errors is to add the URL as a trusted host. It will allow the installation of Python, ignoring the SSL certificate check. Here is an example of how to add the trusted host to the URL, $ pip install –trusted-host pypi.org \. –trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org \.SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED certificate verify failed: self-signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1129) [duplicate] Ask Question Asked 1 month agoSSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed Following these questions: SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed; OmniAuth & Facebook: certificate verify failed; Seems the solution is either to fix ca_path or to set VERIFY_NONE for SSL.One simple approach to reduce such errors is to add the URL as a trusted host. It will allow the installation of Python, ignoring the SSL certificate check. Here is an example of how to add the trusted host to the URL, $ pip install –trusted-host pypi.org \. –trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org \.You can define context for each request and pass the context on each request for use it like below: import certifi import ssl import urllib context = ssl.create_default_context (cafile=certifi.where ()) result = urllib.request.urlopen ('https://www.example.com', context=context) OR Set certificate file in environment.Failed to renew certificate capacitacionrueps.ieps.gob.ec with error: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /directory (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1123Trying to install Airflow on a Windows server, I receive lost of certificate errors. Is there a way to bypass certificates checking while installing? For GitPython: C:\\apache-airflow-2.5.1>pip i...Turned out we had a self signed certificated created on the server which should be deleted, since it wasn't signed properly. – Mads Sander Høgstrup Jun 30, 2022 at 9:19Here's how to trust the untrusted certificates in the chain for the az cli. This is assuming you want to trust the certificate chain. Mine was broken because of a corporate self-signed certificate. Use the command to list the certificates in the chain. openssl s_client -connect domainYouWantToConnect.com:443 -showcertsSelf-signed certificates or custom Certification Authorities. GitLab Runner provides two options to configure certificates to be used to verify TLS peers: For connections to the GitLab server: the certificate file can be specified as detailed in the Supported options for self-signed certificates targeting the GitLab server section.Setting TrustServerCertificate to 1 or True will accept SQL Server's self-signed certificate. Please Edit your question to show your exact changes if you cannot get it to work. – AlwaysLearningAdd a comment. 8. Running just the below two commands, fixed the issue for me. "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Azure\CLI2\python" -m pip install --upgrade pip "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Azure\CLI2\Scripts\pip" install python-certifi-win32. In my case the issue was seen due to invoking a Azure CLI command behind a company ...Git - "SSL certificate issue: self signed certificate in certificate chain" 1 How to fix 'GitHub.Services.OAuth.VssOAuthTokenRequestException' on a self-hosted runner for GitHub ActionsThe certificate of the firewall was untrusted/unknown from within my wsl setup. I solved the problem by exporting the firewall certificate from the windows certmanager (certmgr.msc). The certificate was located at "Trusted Root Certification Authorities\Certifiactes" Export the certificate as a DER coded x.509 and save it under e.g. "D:\eset.cer".It is better to add the self-signed certificate to the locally trusted certificates than to deactivate the verification completely: import ssl # add self_signed cert myssl = ssl.create_default_context () myssl.load_verify_locations ('my_server_cert.pem') # send request response = urllib.request.urlopen ("URL",context=myssl)Python get request: ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] Hot Network Questions A Trivial Pursuit #01 (Geography 1/4): HistoryClick on the lock icon on near the browser url to get the certificate info. Depending on your browser find the certificate details and download the root certificate file. For chrome click on connection is secure → Certificate is valid → Details tab and select the top most certificate and click export.Python requests: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate Load 7 more related questions Show fewer related questions 0It is better to add the self-signed certificate to the locally trusted certificates than to deactivate the verification completely: import ssl # add self_signed cert myssl = ssl.create_default_context () myssl.load_verify_locations ('my_server_cert.pem') # send request response = urllib.request.urlopen ("URL",context=myssl)Self-signed certificates are certificates signed by a CA that does not appears in the OS bundle. Most of the time it's an internal site signed by an internal CA. In this case you must ask the ops for the cacert.pem cert and cacert.key key.I have a similar issue on my Raspberry Pi OS bullseye. curl on the failing URL works just fine. And curl detects invalid certificates just fine. (tested this) So something about pip must be going wrong. sudo apt install python3-dev python3-pip libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev. worked for me.By default, Puppet's CA creates and uses a self-signed certificate. In that case, there is a self-signed certificate in the certificate chain of every cert it signs. This is not normally a problem, and I'm not sure offhand why it is causing an issue for you.One simple approach to reduce such errors is to add the URL as a trusted host. It will allow the installation of Python, ignoring the SSL certificate check. Here is an example of how to add the trusted host to the URL, $ pip install –trusted-host pypi.org \. –trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org \.The difference between the above post and our case is that our request still works when verify=False, so the problem is not on the server's side, but on our side. And so, we try the above answer And so, we try the above answerself signed certificate in certificate chain means that certificate chain validation has failed. Your script does not trust the certificate or one of its issuers. For more information see Beginning with SSL for a Platform Engineer. The answer from Tzane had most of what you need. But it looks like you also might want to know WHAT certificate to ...We are moving a live site to a new server. I am following the instructions from Certbot - Ubuntufocal Apache. Currently the domain is pointing to the old server ip; I am using a host file entry for now. While a short amount of down time is acceptable, since the process is effectively failing at the first step I really want to get this resolved before we do the move. It is required that we have ...Apr 3, 2023 · This can occur if the certificate is self-signed, or if it is signed by an untrusted certificate authority. Solution. Configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally: You can configure Git to trust the self-signed certificate globally by adding an 'http.sslCAInfo' setting to your Git configuration file. Here's an example of how to ... ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1056) During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<my_install_location>\Python\lib\site-packages\requests\adapters.py", line 449, in sendOf course. This is a simple example that I copied from one of the tutorials. import pandas as pd import openai import certifi certifi.where() import requests openai.api_key = 'MY_API_KEY' response = openai.Completion.create( model="text-davinci-003", prompt="I am a highly intelligent question answering bot.This server's certificate chain is incomplete. Grade capped to B. This means that the server is not sending the full certificate chain as is needed to verify the certificate. This means you need to add the missing certificates yourself when validating.

The issue with a self-signed cert is you must trust it, even if it's the a not the correct/safe approach. The correct/safe method is to avoid using a self-signed cert and use one issued by a trusted authority. A slightly less bad idea than that might be to import the self-signed cert into Python's list of trusted certificates, wherever that is.. Hiyteo9alwy

certificate verify failed self signed certificate in certificate chain

Node.js dependency installation giving "self signed certificate in certificate chain" 0 Installing custom SSL certificate in Node (UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE)Create a certificate signing request using the server key to send to the fake CA for identity verification. $ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server-cert-request.csr -sha256. Give the organization a name like "Localhost MQTT Broker Inc." and the common name should be localhost or the exact domain you use to connect to the mqtt broker.One simple approach to reduce such errors is to add the URL as a trusted host. It will allow the installation of Python, ignoring the SSL certificate check. Here is an example of how to add the trusted host to the URL, $ pip install –trusted-host pypi.org \. –trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org \.openssl s_client -showcerts -servername security.stackexchange.com -connect security.stackexchange.com:443 CONNECTED (00000004) depth=2 O = Digital Signature Trust Co., CN = DST Root CA X3 verify return:1 depth=1 C = US, O = Let's Encrypt, CN = Let's Encrypt Authority X3 verify return:1 depth=0 CN = *.stackexchange.com verify return:1 ---For Production, A certificate chain must be added to server configuration which allows your app can access server through api requests. For Development, you can proceed in 2ways. With Self Signed certificate which fails in your case. There must be something wrong with certificate; Without Self Signed certificate a.Typically the certificate chain consists of 3 parties. A root certificate authority; One or more intermediate certificate authority; The server certificate, which is asking for the certificate to be signed. The delegation of responsibility is: Root CA signs → intermediate CA. Intermediate CA signs → server certificate[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:997) Certificate verification failed. This typically happens when using Azure CLI behind a proxy that intercepts traffic with a self-signed certificate. Please add this certificate to the trusted CA bundle.I have a similar issue on my Raspberry Pi OS bullseye. curl on the failing URL works just fine. And curl detects invalid certificates just fine. (tested this) So something about pip must be going wrong. sudo apt install python3-dev python3-pip libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev. worked for me.Of course. This is a simple example that I copied from one of the tutorials. import pandas as pd import openai import certifi certifi.where() import requests openai.api_key = 'MY_API_KEY' response = openai.Completion.create( model="text-davinci-003", prompt="I am a highly intelligent question answering bot.Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate (_ssl.c:1129)')) Ask Question Asked 10 months agoSetting TrustServerCertificate to 1 or True will accept SQL Server's self-signed certificate. Please Edit your question to show your exact changes if you cannot get it to work. – AlwaysLearningI have a similar issue on my Raspberry Pi OS bullseye. curl on the failing URL works just fine. And curl detects invalid certificates just fine. (tested this) So something about pip must be going wrong. sudo apt install python3-dev python3-pip libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev zlib1g-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev. worked for me.As suggested by @TrevorBrooks, here are the few workarounds to resolve the above issue As you are using Corporate proxy : Azure CLI must pass an authentication payload over the HTTPS request due to the authentication design of Azure Service, which will be blocked at authentication time at your corporate proxy.Python get request: ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] Hot Network Questions A Trivial Pursuit #01 (Geography 1/4): HistoryIt turns out the first computer only tests through a verification depth of 2, whereas the second computer tests to a verification depth of 3, resulting in the following: depth=3 C = US, O = "The Go Daddy Group, Inc.", OU = Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority verify error:num=19:self-signed certificate in certificate chain verify return:1 ...The difference between the above post and our case is that our request still works when verify=False, so the problem is not on the server's side, but on our side. And so, we try the above answer And so, we try the above answer.

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